I. Introduction

1. Concept of energy in living systems
2. Overview of anabolism and catabolism

II. Energy Metabolism in Microorganisms

1. Energy sources and trophic types (phototrophs, chemotrophs, organotrophs, lithotrophs)
2. Final electron acceptors and the different types of respiration (aerobic, anaerobic, nitrate, sulfate, etc.)

III. Carbohydrate Catabolism

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  1. Glycolysis (Embden–Meyerhof pathway)
  2. Carbohydrate catabolism  (aerobic and anaerobic metabolism)
  3. Alternative glycolytic pathways (Entner–Doudoroff, Pentose phosphate pathway)
  4. Anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate
  5. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
  6. Glyoxylate cycle (glyoxylate shunt)
  7. Fermentations derived from the Krebs or glyoxylate cycles

IV. Lipid Catabolism

1. Hydrolysis of lipids and β-oxidation of fatty acids

2. Energy yield and integration with central metabolism

V. Protein Catabolism

• 1. Proteolysis and amino acid degradation
  2. Deamination, decarboxylation, and transamination reactions

VI. Carbohydrate Anabolism

• 1. Gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis
  2. Biosynthesis of polysaccharides and cell wall components

VII. Lipid Anabolism

• 1. Fatty acid synthesis and elongation
  2. Biosynthesis of phospholipids and membrane lipids

VIII. Amino Acid and Protein Anabolism

• 1. Amino acid biosynthetic pathways
  2. Peptide and protein synthesis mechanisms

IX. Secondary Metabolism

• 1. Overview of secondary metabolites: antibiotics, pigments, toxins, and signaling molecules

  2. Ecological and industrial significance of microbial secondary metabolism