Section outline


  • This chapter explores the main **separation and purification instruments** used in biotechnology and chemistry.

    We begin by discussing how a **centrifuge** works, which separates fluids or particles according to their density using centrifugal force.

    The chapter then details the principles of the **water distiller** and the **rotary evaporator (Rotavap)** for purifying liquids and distilling solvents under vacuum.

    Finally, we study the **Soxhlet extractor**, an essential device for the continuous extraction of a chemical species from a solid powder using a solvent.